<p>The Wallace E. Pratt House, also known as Ship On The Desert , was the residence of Wallace Pratt in what is now Guadalupe Mountains National Park in far western Texas. Pratt, a petroleum geologist for the Humble Oil & Refining Company, had previously built the Wallace Pratt Lodge in McKittrick Canyon a couple of miles to the north in the Guadalupe Mountains. Finding the cabin site to be remote and prone to being cut off by flooding, Pratt started construction of a new, modern residence on the east slope of the mountains. Work on the residence started in 1941. The house was designed by Long Island architect Newton Bevin, who lived for a time at the site with his wife, and built by contractor Ed Birdsall. Work was stopped by World War II, but resumed in 1945 and was completed the same year. In contrast to Pratts rustic canyon cabin, the house, which Pratt named the Ship On The Desert, is an International Style house with horizontal lines and extensive glazing. Only 16 ft wide and 110 ft long, the house provides broad views to the east over the plans and the west to the mountains. The majority of the house is on a single level, with a "captains bridge" over the dining room giving access to a rooftop terrace. A detached garage contained a guest bedroom. Apart from glass, the predominant material was local limestone in several shades.</p><br>
<p>Pratt and his wife, Iris, lived at the Ship On The Desert until 1963, when Pratt&#39;s health dictated a move to Tucson, Arizona. The house was donated to the new park along with 5,632 acre of lands in the northern part of the proposed park by the Pratts between 1959 and 1961. It was used as a residence for National Park Service employees, and has been determined to be eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The house is occasionally open for tours sponsored by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>Campton Town Hall a historic building in Wasco, Illinois. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Campton Town Hall has been operating continuously since 1874, primarily as the administrative offices for Campton Township in Kane County, Illinois. Settlers first arrived in Campton Township in 1835 and originally held town meetings in the home of Ever Chafee. The meeting place later bounced between different schools before the local citizens decided to construct a township meeting hall in 1874. This was an unusual step, as most unincorporated, rural areas of the time only held meetings in schools. A parade was held for the structure in 1935 in honor of its service. In 1975, plans for a new town hall were drawn and the Campton Town Hall was in danger of demolition, primarily due to its lack of heating and sanitation. However, the locals were able raise enough money to install these facilities in the building, and the town hall continued to serve the community. On November 24, 1980, the U. S. Department of the Interior recognized the Campton Town Hall as a Historic Place.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is rectangular with a wood frame and riverstone foundation. The frame is covered in 6 inch clapboard painted white. Sets of three four-over-four windows are on the north and south. The east side of the hall is the entrance and faces Town Hall Street just south of Illinois Route 64. The pair of doors each have four panels and sit under individual transoms. Originally, the building had a wood platform on this exposure, but this was replaced with concrete steps around 1940. The original chimney was altered to a two-flue chimney to allow for a heating system. Louver vents were also installed on the east and west around this time. The original roof had cedar shingles, but these were replaced with grey asphalt shingles.</p><br>
<p>The interior has 15 ft ceilings above pine flooring. wooden wainscotting is present up to 3 ft above the floor and is painted glaucous. Doors and windows are trimmed with 2.5 inch wood moulding. There is a chimney on the west wall. A door was added on the west wall during restoration to allow access to the utility room.</p><br>
<p>The 52nd Place Historic District is a historic district consisting of American Craftsman style homes in the Central-Alameda neighborhood of the South Los Angeles, California. African Americans became the dominant demographic group in the district beginning around 1930 with important African-American people living here. The district includes 37 contributing buildings and seven non-contributing buildings. The contributing buildings are one-story Craftsman houses designed and built by Tifal Brothers between 1911 and 1914. The characteristic feature of the contributing buildings include "low-pitched gabled roofs with overhanging eaves and exposed rafter tails, front porches and chimneys made of brick or river rock, and multi-paned wood-framed casement windows." The district is located on 52nd Place between McKinley Avenue on the east and Avalon Boulevard on the west and lies just east of the South Park neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 pursuant to the registration requirements for residential districts set forth in a multiple property submission study, the African Americans in Los Angeles MPS. The district was originally an all-white neighborhood. Its period of significance begins in 1930 as African Americans moved into and became the dominant demographic group in the district. The historic significance of the district is enhanced by its association with important African-American figures who lived in the district during its period of significance. Singer Ivie Anderson lived at 724 E. 52nd Place from 1930 until 1945. Anderson performed with Duke Ellingtons band from 1931 to 1942 and recorded the vocals on several hit recordings, including "It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing)" (1932), "Stormy Weather" (1933), and "I Got It Bad and That Aint Good" (1941). Civil rights activists and journalists, Joseph and Charlotta Bass, lived at 697 E. 52nd Place in the 1930s. Charlotta Bass owned and operated the California Eagle, the largest African-American newspaper on the West Coast, from 1912 to 1951.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings listed pursuant to the same African Americans in Los Angeles MPS include the Angelus Funeral Home, Lincoln Theater, Second Baptist Church, 28th Street YMCA, Prince Hall Masonic Temple, 27th Street Historic District, and two historic all-black segregated fire stations (Fire Station No. 14 and Fire Station No. 30).</p><br>
<p>The 27th Street Historic District is a historic district in the South Los Angeles area of Los Angeles, California. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 as part of the multiple property submission for African Americans in Los Angeles.</p><br>
<h2>Location and buildings</h2><br>
<p>The 27th Street Historic District is centered on the intersection of East 27th Street and Paloma Avenue, one block to the west of Central Avenue. The district contains 43 contributing buildings and 13 non-contributing buildings. It extends south along Paloma Avenue to East 29th Street.</p><br>
<h3>Residential buildings</h3><br>
<p>The vast majority of the contributing buildings are private residences, including many Victorian Queen Anne style houses dating from the 1890s and 1900s. Other contributing buildings in the district include homes in the Colonial Revival and Transitional Craftsman styles. The districts notable residential structures include the following:</p><br>
<p>901 E. 27th Street – Victorian Queen Anne style house constructed in 1895</p><br>
<p>909 E. 27th Street – Victorian Queen Anne style house constructed in 1895</p><br>
<p>912 E. 27th Street – Victorian Queen Anne style house constructed in 1895</p><br>
<p>913–915 E. 27th Street – Colonial Revival style duplex constructed in 1922</p><br>
<p>920 E. 27th Street – Transitional Craftsman style house constructed in 1905</p><br>
<p>925 E. 27th Street – Colonial Revival style house constructed in 1895</p><br>
<p>1002 E. 27th Street – Victorian Queen Anne style house constructed in 1895</p><br>
<p>1008 E. 27th Street – One-story turn-of-the-century cottage built in 1901</p><br>
<p>1014 E. 27th Street – Victorian Queen Anne style house constructed in 1895</p><br>
<p>1017 E. 27th Street – Cottage with Victorian detailing constructed in 1895</p><br>
<p>1020 E. 27th Street – Victorian Queen Anne style house constructed in 1915</p><br>
<p>1023 E. 27th Street – Cottage with Victorian detailing constructed in 1898</p><br>
<p>1013 E. 28th Street – Transitional Craftsman style house constructed in 1912</p><br>
<p>1014 E. 28th Street – Victorian Queen Anne style house constructed in 1893</p><br>
<p>1001 E. 29th Street – American Foursquare style home constructed in 1895</p><br>
<h3>Institutional buildings</h3><br>
<p>The district also includes two extant church buildings, now known as the Crouch Memorial Church of God and Christ and the Nueva Iglesia Bautista en Cristo, and a historically significant YMCA building. As noted in the registration form supporting the inclusion of the two church buildings as contributing structures in the historic district, the two extant church buildings "are typical of those along the Central Avenue corridor in that they have been occupied by several congregations, reflecting the changing demographics of the neighborhood."</p><br>
<h4>Crouch Memorial Church</h4><br>
<p>The 27th Street Historic District includes the Crouch Memorial Church of God and Christ, a Romanesque Revival style church located at the northeast corner of E. 27th Street and Paloma Avenue. It was built from 1895 to 1896 for the Haven Methodist Episcopal Church. In the early 1900s, the church was a center of the citys prohibition movement. In October 1902, the church hosted a speech by a member of the Anti-Saloon League. In July and November 1902, the church was the site of all-day meetings of the citys federation of Women&#39;s Christian Temperance Unions. The Haven Methodist congregation celebrated 20 years on the site in September 1915 with anniversary and homecoming services. In the early 1920s, as the demographics of the neighborhood changed, the Haven Methodist congregation moved to a new location on South Normandie, and the church building at 21st and Paloma was sold to the Beth Eden Baptist Temple, an African-American congregation. In August 1925, the 34th annual convention of the Western Baptist Association drew several hundred delegates from 48 "colored Baptist churches" in Southern California to Beth Eden. In July 1927, the relocated Haven Methodist congregation became the first church in Los Angeles to file a bankruptcy petition. The Los Angeles Times reported that the congregation had been divided by ultra-modernism and "circus ballyhoo" methods.</p><br>
<h4>Nueva Iglesia Bautista en Cristo</h4><br>
<p>The second contributing church building in the district is now known as the Nueva Iglesia Bautista en Cristo, a Gothic Revival structure located at the northeast corner of East 28th Street and Paloma Avenue. The structure was built in 1906 for the Salem Congregational Church, a congregation serving the white population that initially settled in the neighborhood. The church as dedicated in May 1906 with seating for 1,000 persons and, according to the Los Angeles Times, "everything being modern and up-to-date." In 1911, the Salem Congregational Church successfully lobbied for an ordinance permitting the display of "moving pictures" in churches after the pastor, Rev. B. H. Reutepohler, hit upon a play to illustrate his Sunday evening sermons with motion pictures. After the ordinance passed, Salem Congregational became the first church in Los Angeles to take advantage of the new law. The church building was purchased in January 1917 by a group of Armenian Congregationalists and was renamed the Armenian Gethsemane Congregational Church. From 1917 to 1944, the church served the influx of Armenian immigrants in the area. In October 1942, the church hosted the 56th Annual Convention of the Los Angeles Association of Congregational Churches. In 1944, the church building was sold to an African-American congregation and was renamed the E. 28th Street Christian Church. Since 2003, the church building is operated as a Spanish-language church, the Nueva Iglesia Bautista en Cristo, serving the neighborhood&#39;s Hispanic population.</p><br>
<h4>28th Street YMCA</h4><br>
<p>The 28th Street YMCA, listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places, also lies within the borders of the 27th Street Historic District. The YMCA building, sometimes referred to in its early years as the "Colored YMCA", was built in 1926 based on a design by the African American architect Paul R. Williams. The YMCA provided a swimming pool for use by the African American community in an era when the city&#39;s public swimming pools were racially segregated.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The 27th Street Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 pursuant to the registration requirements for residential districts set forth in a multiple property submission study, the African Americans in Los Angeles MPS.</p><br>
<p>The Central Avenue Corridor became the cultural and business hub of the African-American community in Los Angeles from the 1920s to the 1950s. Other buildings along this corridor which were listed pursuant to the African Americans in Los Angeles MPS include the Lincoln Theater (located a short walk from the district on Central Avenue), Second Baptist Church (located four blocks north of the district along Griffith Avenue), Prince Hall Masonic Temple, 52nd Place Historic District, and two historic all-black segregated fire stations (Fire Station No. 14 and Fire Station No. 30).</p><br>
<p>Fire Station No. 14 is a historic fire station in the South Los Angeles region of Los Angeles, California. The three-story structure was designed by Earl T. Heitschmidt in the International style and was built in 1949.</p><br>
<p>The structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 pursuant to the registration requirements for fire stations set forth in a multiple property submission study, the African Americans in Los Angeles MPS. It was the second of two all-black segregated fire stations in Los Angeles. According to the Registration Form supporting the station&#39;s listing on the National Register, "All-black fire stations were simultaneous representations of racial segregation and sources of community pride." Other buildings listed pursuant to the same African Americans in Los Angeles MPS include Fire Station No. 30, Engine Company No. 30 (the first all-black segregated fire station and engine company in Los Angeles), Angelus Funeral Home, Lincoln Theater, Second Baptist Church, 28th Street YMCA, Prince Hall Masonic Temple, 52nd Place Historic District, and 27th Street Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Fire Station No. 30, Engine Company No. 30 is a historic fire station and engine company in the South Los Angeles area of Los Angeles, California.</p><br>
<p>Closed in 1980, now the building is now home to the African American Firefighter Museum (AAFFM). The AAFFM features vintage fire equipment and apparatus, memorabilia, histories and photos of pioneering African American firefighters in Los Angeles. Other displays include photos, artifacts and memorabilia of African American firefighters, officers and historical women fire service professionals from around the country. The Museum is open to the public and is strictly volunteer and donation driven.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The two-story structure was designed in the Prairie School style and was built in 1913.</p><br>
<p>The structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 pursuant to the registration requirements for fire stations set forth in a multiple property submission study, the African Americans in Los Angeles MPS. It was the first of two all-black segregated fire stations in Los Angeles. Fire Station No. 30, and its resident Engine Company No. 30, was segregated in 1924. It remained segregated until 1956 when the Los Angeles Fire Department was integrated. According to the Registration Form supporting the station&#39;s listing on the National Register, "All-black fire stations were simultaneous representations of racial segregation and sources of community pride."</p><br>
<p>Other buildings listed pursuant to the same African Americans in Los Angeles MPS include Fire Station No. 14 (the second all-black segregated fire station in Los Angeles), Angelus Funeral Home, Lincoln Theater, Second Baptist Church, 28th Street YMCA, Prince Hall Masonic Temple, 52nd Place Historic District, 27th Street Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Mark Twain Cave — originally McDowells Cave — is a show cave located near Hannibal, Missouri, USA. It is the oldest operating show cave in the state, giving tours continuously since 1886. Along with nearby Cameron Cave, it became a registered National Natural Landmark in 1972, with a citation reading "Exceptionally good examples of the maze type of cavern development". Mark Twain Cave — as "McDougals Cave" — plays an important role in the novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer  by Mark Twain and was later renamed in honor of the author, a Hannibal native.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>Geologically Mark Twain Cave and its nearby neighbor Cameron Cave differ from most of the 6,500+ caves found in Missouri. Both are believed to be remnants of a much larger cave system cut apart by a glacier and millions of years of erosion, leading to speculation by geologists and common citizens alike that there may be as yet further undiscovered caves in the Hannibal region. This speculation was heightened in 2006 when the entrance to a previously unknown cave was found during construction of a new elementary school. Other differences in Mark Twain Cave are the near total lack of speleotherms, mineral deposits like stalagmites and stalactites in large open areas. Mark Twain Cave and Cameron Cave instead have a multitude of narrow, winding passages. The caves are made mostly of a soft limestone called Louisiana Lithographic Limestone and found only in a 35-mile area around Hannibal and Louisiana, Missouri. The limestone has been estimated by geologists as around 350 million years old, while the cave passages were formed some 100 million years ago. Mark Twain Cave covers some six and a half miles consisting of four entrances and 260 passages, maintaining a year around temperature of 52 degrees Fahrenheit.</p><br>
<h3>Discovery and first uses</h3><br>
<p>While its possible that Native Americans may have been aware of the cave, the earliest documentation of Mark Twain Cave claims its discovery in the winter of 1819-1820 by a local hunter, Jack Simms. Mr. Simms dog chased an animal into a small hillside opening south of current-day Hannibal. Upon investigation with the help of his brother and torches, the small opening was found to lead to a large underground labyrinth. The cave proved a popular diversion for Hannibal residents in the mid-19th century, especially children, including a young Sam Clemens. These childhood explorations would later reappear in five of Mark Twain&#39;s books. The proximity to the Mississippi river and its cooling breezes made the small valley between the river bluffs containing the caves a popular site for family picnics and church outings in the summertime.</p><br>
<h3>The mad scientist and the outlaw</h3><br>
<p>One odd, even macabre, event in the caves early history happened in the late 1840s when Hannibal physician Dr. Joseph Nash McDowell purchased the cave and used it for several years as a laboratory for experiments on human corpses. His most notable experiment involved an attempt to petrify the remains of his deceased daughter. Twains book Life on the Mississippi offered a rather gruesome description of the activities: "In my time the person who owned it turned it into a mausoleum for his daughter, age fourteen. The body of this poor child was put in a copper cylinder filled with alcohol, and this suspended in one of the dismal avenues of the cave."</p><br>
<p>After two years the experiment proved a failure and the girl&#39;s body was forcibly removed by angry Hannibal citizens who learned about it from children who discovered it while exploring the cave, and sometimes used the body to enhance the spooky atmosphere during the telling of ghost stories. Many townsfolk also believed that Dr. McDowell used bodies stolen from area graves for other experiments, a not uncommon practice prior to the 20th century. Twain would weave that suspicion into the plot of Tom Sawyer in a graverobbing scene involving Injun Joe.</p><br>
<p>Another bit of folklore associated with McDowells period of ownership was its use as a secret Confederate weapons storage cache during the American Civil War. McDowell was an ardent southern supporter and was proven to have stockpiled guns and ammunition for the rebels in his St. Louis medical college. One of the former Confederates who likely had knowledge of the cave from his war service is legendary outlaw Jesse James. James had ridden with Quantrills Raiders and Bloody Bill Anderson throughout the Little Dixie area southwest of Hannibal. In September, 1879, following the robbery of a train in nearby Saverton, Missouri, the cave proved a ready and secure hideout for few days rest. James even signed and dated one of the caves walls using a pencil, which used to be open to tours but has since been excluded from the tour, due to the pencil fading.</p><br>
<p>"The cave was but a labyrinth of crooked aisles that ran into each other and out again and led nowhere. It was said that one might wander days and nights together through its intricate tangle of rifts and chasms and never find the end of the cave" -- Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</p><br>
<h2>Advent of tourism</h2><br>
<p>Mark Twain Cave was of course not yet called that in its early years, and little known outside of the immediate Hannibal region until 1876 when Twains landmark novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer was published. Soon tourists worldwide were making the journey to see the real-life cave that provided the basis for the novels fictional "MacDougals Cave", where Tom and Becky Thatchers lives were endangered by Injun Joe. The first regular tours by paying customers began in 1886 when local farmer John East would charge tourists a dime to see some of the places inside the cave made famous by the novel. At that time the original opening was still being used, but proved impractical for large crowds so in 1890 a newer entry to the cave was created nearby. For over fifty years tourists saw the cave much as Twain had in his youth, by candlelight or lantern. That changed in 1939 when electric lights were finally added to the tour areas of the cave by the Cameron family. In 1923 the cave had been purchased by Judge E.T. Cameron, who had been a guide at the cave as a young man. Through a succession of owners in the late 1800s and early 1900s, Cameron served as manager of the cave property. He was first one to establish standardized tour routes within the cave, construct a small building near the entrance for ticket sales, and advertise the cave in newspapers as "Mark Twain Cave".</p><br>
<h3>A lost sister found</h3><br>
<p>One cold winter day in 1925, Judge Camerons son Arch was caring for the familys cattle herd when he noticed steam rising from a sinkhole in the ground across the valley from Mark Twain Cave. After some digging a large natural underground room opened up. Further exploration found a cave even larger than Mark Twain Cave, with more twisted pathways. This "sister" cave was named for the Cameron family, and is Missouri&#39;s newest show cave. Tours of Cameron Cave are offered, but are of a more primitive nature. The cave has no electric lights, and the only modifications made have been those mandated by law for safety.</p><br>
<h3>Mark Twain Cave today</h3><br>
<p>The entire cave complex is privately owned by the Coleberd family, descendants of Judge Cameron. It includes Mark Twain and Cameron caves, a campground, gift shop/visitors center, candle shop and winery. Other available activities include The Life and Times of Mark Twain, a one-man stage performance that covers various highlights, and the humor of, the famed authors life from a first-person perspective. One of the newest additions to the cave complex is Sticks & Stones, an interactive gem shop where children and adults can sluice for semi-precious stones, much like Twain did in his brief gold panning career. The caves continue to provide entertainment and education for thousands of visitors each year. One of the most notable visitors was USA President Jimmy Carter, who toured Mark Twain Cave with his family in 1979. The guided tour of Mark Twain Cave takes approximately 55 minutes, while the larger Cameron Cave tour averages one hour twenty minutes in length. Mark Twain Cave is open year-around except Thanksgiving and Christmas days. Cameron Cave is open from Memorial Day through Labor Day only.</p><br>
<p>The Brockman Building is a 12-story Beaux-Arts, Classical, and Romanesque Revival style building located on 7th Street in the Financial District of Downtown Los Angeles, California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1912, the Brockman Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. The building was built in 1912 for John Brockman (1841-1925) and designed by George D. Barnett (1863-c. 1925) of Barnett, Haynes & Barnett. The Brockman Building was the first building west of the Broadway Commercial District to reach the city&#39;s 150-foot height limit.</p><br>
<h3>Adaptive reuse</h3><br>
<p>The Brockman Building was converted into an 80-unit condominium project from 2006 to 2008, however the building&#39;s owner filed for bankruptcy protection before the project was completed. The building was owned by Bank of America until April 2012, when it was purchased by Simpson Housing LLC of Denver, in what was reported as "the second highest price-per-unit sale in Downtown Los Angeles’ history." There were reportedly 26 offers for the building.</p><br>
<p>Renamed the Brockman Lofts, they are now luxury rental apartments with largely-finished loft interiors.</p><br>
<p>The Bottega Louie restaurant has operated on the building&#39;s ground floor since 2009.</p><br>
<p>Martinsburg Mining, Manufacturing & Improvement Co. Historic District is a national historic district located at Martinsburg, Berkeley County, West Virginia. It encompasses 289 contributing buildings located within 19 city blocks and built between 1891 and 1952. It includes a residential area developed by the Martinsburg Mining, Manufacturing & Improvement Co. as worker housing. They are one to 2 1/2 story, single family, detached, semi-detached, and multi-unit housing built in wood frame, brick or brick veneer, and concrete block. Also located in the district is the Gothic Revival-style St. Luke&#39;s United Methodist Church. It includes examples of vernacular interpretations of popular architectural styles including Queen Anne, American Four Square, and Bungalow styles.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Wind Cave National Park Administrative and Utility Area Historic District comprises the central portion of Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota. The district centers on the historic entrance to Wind Cave, which is surrounded by park administrative and interpretive structures, most of which were built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The historic entrance to Wind Cave, discovered in 1881, was modified to allow better access to the natural entrance by blasting. A new passage was created, also by blasting, to allow visitor access. between 1892 and 1894, with another entrance blasted in 1936 by the CCC. The same year, a visitor center was built a short distance away overlooking the stream valley behind. Auxiliary buildings include the 1905 Superintendents Cottage, the 1934 Superintendents Residence, several employee residences, a ranger dormitory and mess hall, and other structures, mostly dating to the 1930s. The planned landscape blends with its environment, using a modified version of the National Park Service Rustic style.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 11, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Blakeley Raise is a fell in the English Lake District, standing at 389m. Unlike its neighbours Grike, Crag Fell and Lank Rigg it is not listed as a Wainwright. Despite this lack of status, Blakeley Raise is a worthy climb, providing extensive views over West Cumbria, Southern Scotland and the Isle of Man, including the towns of Whitehaven and Cleator Moor and the Sellafield nuclear processing site.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Blakeley Raise is a gentle, dome shaped hill, joined to the North-East to Heckbarley (a subsidiary summit of Grike). The lower Western slopes of Blakeley include an area of wetland known as Blakeley Moss, and the Kinniside Stone Circle. The Northern slopes are heavily forested. A harvesting operation cleared part of this woodland in the mid-nineties, which has subsequently been replanted. A further phase of harvesting has recently been completed, near the summit of Blakeley. The remainder of the hill is covered by rough grassland, grazed by horse and sheep.</p><br>
<p>Whoap is a hill located near the western edge of the English Lake District, standing at 511 m. It is part of the Lank Rigg group and is separated from this fell by an unnamed col. Whoap is not listed as a Wainwright, although it is briefly mentioned in the chapters for Lank Rigg and Crag Fell in Volume 7: The Western Fells.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Whoap is a tongue-shaped hill lying between Lank Rigg to the south and Crag Fell to the north. The southern flank of Whoap is considerably steeper than the other aspects and features a small area of scree but no rocky outcrop.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>The easiest ascent of Whoap is from the Coldfell road, at the point where it forms a right angle at the base of Blakeley Raise and Burn Edge. A track leads down into the Calder valley at which point it crosses Comb Beck and continues along the valley until a crossing of the Calder itself is reached. At this point, there are two options; either turn left and ascend Whoap directly, or continue along the valley to the unnamed col separating Whoap from Lank Rigg before turning left for the final ascent. The second route is less strenuous, although the ground can become quite boggy after rainfall.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Whoap is marked by a small boulder and provides views of Grike, Crag Fell and the area between Whoap and Crag Fell, known as Black Potts.</p><br>
<p>Mapanuepe Lake is a freshwater lake located in the province of Zambales in the Philippines. The lake was created after the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991. Lahars following the eruption blocked the drainage of Mapanuepe River, south of the volcano, flooding Mapanuepe Valley together with its settlements. Only the steeple of the church protruding out of the water remained on one of the villages.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mapanuepe lake is located at the confluence of Marella and Mapanuepe Rivers as the two rivers merge to become the Santo Tomas River. The subsequent rains following the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo produced lahar that dumped volcanic debris on the Marella River, one of the major drainages of the mountain, aggrading the river that eventually dammed the Mapanuepe River. The rising waters submerged the Mapanuepe Valley including the barangays of Aglao (lower), Buhawen and Pili of San Marcelino, Zambales. During the development of the lake, breaching and reforming of the debris dam occurred following each lahar episode. At its maximum extent, the lake grew to an area of 670 hectare and had a stored water volume of 75 x 10 cubic meters (75,000,000 m&sup3;) before reaching its current state. The only structure that remains is a church tower with a huge metal cross right in the middle of the lake. Prior to the 1991 eruption, studies of geologic formations and sediments of Mapanuepe Valley showed that the area was the site of a similar lahar-formed lake from old eruptions.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality</h2><br>
<p>The lake water is reportedly contaminated with mercury leaking from the abandoned Dizon Copper Mine which is located on the east shore of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The lake was featured on Episode 10 in the second season of Destination Truth, an American TV show on SciFi channel, titled Ahool and Pinatubo Monsters. The Destination Truth team made an investigation following reports by local fishermen of mysterious, giant, and black fish-like creatures swimming on the lake labeled as the "Pinatubo Monster" by the show.</p><br>
<p>The John Sprunt Hill House is a historic house at 900 S. Duke street in Durham, North Carolina, in the Morehead Hill Historic District. Built in 1911-1912, it was the home of John Sprunt Hill  and his wife Annie Watts Hill , daughter of George Washington Watts, co-founder of the American Tobacco Company.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Hill bequeathed the Spanish Colonial Revival mansion to a foundation created in memory of his wife. The Annie Watts Hill Foundation was created to support non-sectarian, non-political female organizations. As of 2008, the Junior League of Durham and Orange Counties makes its home here, although it is open to any group meeting the aforementioned criteria.</p><br>
<p>Swan Pond Manor Historic District is a national historic district located near Martinsburg, Berkeley County, West Virginia, USA It encompasses 21 contributing buildings, one site, and one structure, over 2,465 acres. The agricultural district boundaries reflect the Swan Pond Manor land of Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, which he set aside in 1747 as a part of his Northern Neck Territory for his personal use. Notable buildings include the Capt. James Mason House, Kroh-Sprinkle House , Jacob A. Small House, Robert Carter Willis House, Dr. Williams House , "Hollidale," and "Wood Haven" , Raleigh Morgan House. Also located in the district is the separately listed Swan Pond.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Adaland  is a historic house located at Berryburg, Barbour County, West Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1868 and is a two-story, "L"-shaped, Greek Revival style brick house. It sits on a cut fieldstone foundation on top of a hill with an excellent view of the surrounding hills, farms, mines, and gardens. Also on the property are a contributing carriage house (1872) and 19th century barn. The property was purchased by West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals Justice Ira E. Robinson in 1920. It is open as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. In 1996, the house and surrounding properties were donated to the City of Philippi, West Virginia by a nearby coal company. The house is now maintained by a private non-profit organization and is open for various types of tours, teas, weddings, luncheons, dinner theaters, and other occasions.</p><br>
<p>The Philippi Historic District  is national historic district located at Philippi, Barbour County, West Virginia, USA. It encompasses 113 contributing buildings and one contributing structure dating from the mid-19th century through early 20th century. The district includes the commercial, ecclesiastical, and civic core of the town situated along the Tygart Valley River.</p><br>
<p>The PHD includes a number of buildings representative of popular architectural styles including Queen Anne, Italianate, and Greek Revival. Located within the district are the separately listed Barbour County Courthouse, Philippi B & O Railroad Station, Philippi Covered Bridge, and Peck-Crim-Chesser House.</p><br>
<p>The PHD was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Tithe Barn in Maidstone, Kent, is a large two-storey stone building on the east side of Mill Street. It was constructed in the 14th century as a tithe barn for the nearby Archbishops Palace and was later used as the palaces stables. The barn is a Grade I listed building and a scheduled monument. It is home to the Tyrwhitt-Drake Museum of Carriages.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The barn is constructed of roughly coursed rag-stone rubble walls in six buttressed bays. The west façade features a projecting two-storey half-timbered porch with stone ground floor construction and brick infilling at first floor level between the timber framing. The building has multiple doorways at both levels on the west façade with many small windows at high level and external stone steps leading up to the first floor of the porch. The tiled roof is of crown post construction and is hipped at both ends with a gable over the porch.</p><br>
<h2>Tyrwhitt-Drake Museum of Carriages</h2><br>
<p>The Tyrwhitt-Drake Museum of Carriages was established by Mayor of Maidstone Sir Garrard Tyrwhitt-Drake who amassed the collection of horse-drawn vehicles in the first part of the 20th century. The museum opened in 1946 and was the first carriage museum in Britain. Among its collection of 60 vehicles are sedan chairs and Queen Victoria&#39;s state landau.</p><br>
<p>The Museum is open from May to September each year on Wednesdays to Sundays and bank holidays.</p><br>
<p>Fendall Hall, also known as the Young–Dent Home, is an Italianate-style historic house museum in Eufaula, Alabama. The two-story wood-frame structure, with a symmetrical villa-type floor-plan and crowning cupola, was built between 1856 and 1860 by Edward Brown Young and his wife, Ann Fendall Beall. It remained in the Young family for five generations, passing to the builders’ daughter, Anna Beall Young, and her husband, Stouten Hubert Dent in 1879. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 28, 1970. The Alabama Historical Commission acquired it in 1973 and restored it to an appearance appropriate to a time-frame spanning 1880–1916.</p><br>
<p>Edward Brown Young, a native of New York City, married Ann Fendall Beall of Warren County, Georgia. The couple moved to Eufaula in 1837, where he engaged in banking and entrepreneurial endeavors. Young is credited with sponsoring the change of the town name from Irwinton to its original Muscogee name, Eufaula.</p><br>
<p>The Miners&#39; Convalescent Home was a convalescent home for miners in the seaside resort of Blackpool, Lancashire, England. It was built 1925–27 for Lancashire and Cheshire miners and was opened by Edward, Prince of Wales. In 1995, English Heritage designated the home a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by Bolton architecture firm Bradshaw Gass & Hope in the Baroque Revival style. It has a symmetrical plan and is on three storeys. It is constructed of red brick with terracotta dressings; the hipped roofs are slate. The central bays are recessed between projecting wings. Towards the rear of the building there is a tower with an ogee cap.</p><br>
<p>The building continued to function as a convalescent home until the 1980s and in 2005, was turned into apartments.</p><br>
<p>The Lebanon Southern Pacific Railroad Depot is a former railway station located in Lebanon, Oregon, Oregon, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was constructed in 1908 for use by the Southern Pacific Company , to replace an 1880 depot that had become too small for the amount of traffic it was handling. It is a Southern Pacific standard design, a One Story Combination Depot No. 23, which was intended to serve both freight and passenger traffic. The building ceased to be used by passenger services in the mid-1950s, after which it remained in use as a base for freight operations. The depot closed in 1985 and was then vacant for several years, until the City of Lebanon purchased it from SP in 1996. It was added to the NRHP in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Willamette Valley and Coast Railroad Depot is a former railway station located in Corvallis, Oregon, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was constructed in 1887 by the Willamette Valley and Coast Railroad , which since 1880 had been controlled by the Oregon Pacific Railroad Company. That railroad went bankrupt in 1894 and was replaced in 1895 by the new Oregon Central and Eastern Railway, which was reorganized as the Corvallis and Eastern Railroad in 1897. The depot is also known as the Corvallis and Eastern Freight Depot .</p><br>
<p>The depot was originally located at a different site, on Washington Avenue near 9th Street. The rail line was sold to Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) in December 1907. In 1910, the building was moved to a site on 7th Street at Western Blvd., replaced by a new cast-stone SP depot at the original location, but remained in use for freight at its new location. In 1927, it was moved yet again, to its present site, on 7th Street at Washington Avenue. The rail line on which the former WV&C Railroad depot is located has been leased by SP to the Willamette and Pacific Railroad since 1991. Of properties inventoried up to 1997, this depot is the oldest surviving two-story, wood-frame railroad depot in Oregon. The station was added to the NRHP in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Nellis Historic District is national historic district located at Nellis, Boone County, West Virginia. It encompasses 82 contributing buildings, three contributing structures, and one contributing object. The district includes the commercial, ecclesiastical, and residential buildings built by the Nellis Coal Company as a planned community between 1920 and 1955. The community was a model for coal communities in Boone County and the southern coal fields. Included in the district is the Nellis Church / Nellis Archives , stone wall constructed by the Works Progress Administration , coal company storage building , Nellis Company Store and Offices , community bulletin board , Superintendent&#39;s House , and clubhouse .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Shorter Mansion is a Classical Revival-style historic house museum in Eufaula, Alabama. The two-story masonry structure was built in 1884 by Eli Sims Shorter II and his wife, Wileyna Lamar Shorter, but it burned in 1900. The house as seen today was built in 1906 and was designed by architect Curran R. Ellis of Macon, Georgia. Eli Sims Shorter died in 1908, but his wife resided in the house until 1927, when it was passed to their daughter, Fannie Shorter Upshaw. It was in turn inherited by Upshaw&#39;s daughter, Wileyna S. Kennedy, in 1959.</p><br>
<p>The Kennedy family moved away from the city and the house was purchased by the Eufaula Heritage Association, initially formed in order to buy and restore the house, at auction for $33,000 in 1965. The Eufaula Heritage Association organized the city&#39;s first pilgrimage in 1966 and became the primary historic preservation organization in Eufaula, a role it continues to fulfill to the present day. The Association offers tours of the Shorter Mansion year round.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 14, 1972.</p><br>
<p>Hefferston Grange is a former country house to the southwest of the village of Weaverham, Cheshire, England. The house is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1741 for Philip Henry Warburton, incorporating parts of an earlier house dating from about 1700. It was enlarged in Neoclassical style for Nicholas Ashton of Woolton Hall in the 1770s. Extensions and alterations were made to the house for Robert Heath in 1876. During the 20th century it became part of the Grange Hospital (formerly Hefferston Grange Sanatorium). This was established in 1921 for the treatment of patients suffering from tuberculosis. The property was sold by the National Health Service in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is constructed in orange brick with stone dressings. It has hipped roofs covered in Welsh slate, and has brick chimneys. Its plan is that of a rectangular block. The entrance front is on the east side; it is symmetrical, in two storeys, and has seven bays. It has a moulded stone plinth, and rusticated quoins. The lateral pair of bays on each side are stepped forward. All the windows in this front are sash windows. Above the doorcase is a frieze of Tudor roses under a moulded architrave and a segmental pediment. Two bays at the right end of the south front are canted. This front has a mixture of sash and casement windows. Attached to the west front is a 19th-century cast iron conservatory with a semicircular end. On the north front is a stone porch. Inside, the ceilings of the staircase and one of the upstairs rooms have Rococo stucco decoration.</p><br>
<h2>External features</h2><br>
<p>To the east of the house is an icehouse. It dates from the late 18th or early 19th century, and is constructed in orange brick covered in earth. The structure is a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<p>Sutton Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at Sutton, Braxton County, West Virginia. It encompasses 85 contributing buildings and two contributing structures covering eleven square blocks. The district includes the commercial, ecclesiastical, and civic core of the town and surrounding residential area. The district includes a number of buildings representative of popular architectural styles from the late-19th century and early-20th century including Romanesque Revival, Colonial Revival, Gothic Revival, and Greek Revival. Notable buildings include the Braxton County Courthouse  and Jail , Sutton Bank Building , Farmers Bank and Trust , Bank of Sutton , Methodist Episcopal Church, South , Kelly / Fisher House . Elk / Midway Hotel , and Katie B. Frame Residence . The two structures are the Bridge over Old Woman Run  and Bridge over Elk .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Russian Village District comprises 15 folk architecture style houses and was built by Konstanty  Stys, a Polish  immigrant, and others during the Great Depression. It is located at the intersection of South Mills Avenue and East Cucamonga Avenue in Claremont, California. Although the street addresses are in Claremont, portions of many of the parcels in the district lie within the city of Montclair in San Bernardino County. The historic district was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Konstanty Stys (1894-1961) was born in Poland, immigrated to the United States and settled in Youngstown, Ohio. He became a steelworker, married and started a family. Stys and his family came to California in 1921 and lived in Pomona. He then moved to Claremont and found work in construction. He bought the land on the east side of Mills Avenue and began building his houses. The local residents nicknamed these houses the "Russian Village", assuming that Stys came from Russia.</p><br>
<p>Stys and the other people who built homes in the district had no formal training in the design and construction of houses. Only one house in the district was designed by a professional architect.</p><br>
<p>Many of Stys&#39;s friends were unemployed during the Great Depression and several lost their homes. Stys sold off portions of his land for low prices, often asking for no down payment, and helped them build inexpensive houses out of salvaged and recycled materials.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing Properties</h2><br>
<p>House at 290 South Mills Avenue. This house was constructed in 1927. The original interior was 700 ft&sup2;. The house is wood frame and the exterior is made of the local field stones. The interior framing of studs, rafters and joists are made up of used materials, some of the wood was previously painted and some had existing square-head nails.</p><br>
<p>House at 305 South Mills Avenue. The parcel is located on the corner of South Mills Avenue and East Cucamonga Avenue. The house and garage were built in 1937 and were originally the office and workshop of the Lay-Mor block company owned by Konstanty Stys and Merle Mead. The buildings are made of the Lay-Mor blocks.</p><br>
<p>House at 306 South Mills Avenue. The parcel that house sits on is partially within the city of Montclair. This is the first house built in what would become the Russian Village. It was built by Konstanty Stys as his own house. Stys began building on this parcel in 1923. The first structure was the garage, where Stys and his family lived while he built the main house. The main house was completed in 1925. The exterior of the house is made up wood siding and stone. Stys landscaped the yard with stone walkways, planters, and walls.</p><br>
<p>House at 315 South Mills Avenue. The house was built in 1935 by Stys and Mead. The exterior is made of pavement blocks and stucco.</p><br>
<p>House at 316 South Mills Avenue. The parcel that this house sits on is partially within the city of Montclair. This house was built in 1932 by Raymond Yerkes. During the two years that this house was under construction, Yerkes was living in Pomona. Yerkes was helped by Stys and another neighbor, Merle Mead. The house was built of stone as well as concrete forms from construction sites of Pomona College. A railroad tie was used to support the large window in the living room. In 1938, the garage was converted into a studio. The interior walls and cupboards of the studio were made of wood recovered from a railroad car.</p><br>
<p>House and apartment at 330 and 336 South Mills Avenue. This parcel partially lies within the city of Montclair. This house was built in 1933 by Stys for Floyd Underwood. This house is the only one in the district designed by an architect. Peter Ficker, the architect, owed Stys for some work Stys did. In lieu of payment, Ficker designed the house. Stys misread the plans, and started building the house in the wrong part of the lot. Underwood then sold the house to Stys. The house has exteriors of stone. The interior doors were salvaged from the demolition of the Raymond Hotel in Pasadena. Stys rented the house out before selling it to Erle Bunker in 1938</p><br>
<p>The apartment was built over the garage by Bunker in the early 1940s.</p><br>
<p>House at 333 South Mills Avenue. Stys began construction of this house, then gave it to his niece and her husband, Clarence Michael, as a wedding gift. Michael continued construction of the house and completed it in 1933. The exterior of the house is stone, with railroad ties used as supports in the windows.</p><br>
<p>House at 339 South Mills Avenue. This house was built in 1939 by Clarence Michael, nephew by marriage of Stys. The Michaels first lived next door in a smaller house at 333 S. Mills Ave. The exterior was made of stone, the tiles for the roof came from a school in Placentia that was damaged in the 1933 Long Beach earthquake, and the interior walls and framing came from salvage and wrecking yards.</p><br>
<p>Houses at 343, 345, and 353 South Mills Avenue. These three interconnected houses were built by Stys in 1936 for use by an extended family. The center house at 345 S. Mills Ave is two stories. The exterior is red sandstone salvaged from the old courthouse in Los Angeles when it was razed. The supports for the staircase in the center house are made of telephone poles.</p><br>
<p>House at 350 South Mills Avenue. The parcel partially lies within the city of Montclair. This house was built in 1935 by Stys and is in an H shape. There is a second story on the leg at the rear of the house. The exterior walls were made of concrete blocks recovered from street repairs. The local highway department crews delivered these blocks to Stys at Stys&#39;s request. The interior walls were made of wood salvaged from wrecking yards. The tiles for the roof came the school in Placentia that was damaged in the 1933 Long Beach earthquake.</p><br>
<p>House at 365 South Mills Avenue. This house was built in 1935 by Paul Honneker. The exterior is stone and stucco. There are stone walls and planters in the yards of the house.</p><br>
<p>House at 369 South Mills Avenue. This house was built as a garage and workshop in 1938. The exterior is field stone. It was converted into a home in the early 1950s.</p><br>
<p>House at 370 South Mills Avenue. This house, at the corner of S. Mills ave. and Moreno St., was built in 1928 and is mostly in Montclair, California. Burton Blanchard paid Stys $400 for the lot. Stys advised Burton on the construction. The exterior is made of up concrete blocks taken from San Antonio Avenue and Holt Boulevard during repairs of those streets. The roof tiles were taken from a school in Glendora that was being demolished. The interior materials include pavement, railroad ties, and oil cans filled with cement. An addition was made to the house in the 1940s. Former residents of the house include the actor Maurice Jara and the composer Daniel James Wolf</p><br>
<p>House at 480 East Cucamonga Avenue. This house was built in 1934 by Merle Mead. Mead was a carpenter. The house was originally built as a garage, but Mead changed his mind. Mead and Stys were in business together in the manufacture of interlocking blocks that they called "Lay-Mor". The house is built of the Lay-Mor blocks.</p><br>
<h2>Cucamonga Properties</h2><br>
<p>A satellite of Russian Village is the present-day Cask &#39;n Cleaver restaurant in Cucamonga, originally an orchard house designed and built by Stys.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent and north of the Cask &#39;n Cleaver buildings, a low-lying stone wall and seven redwood bungalows, built by Stys, and made from lumber recovered from wreckage in the Long Beach earthquake were demolished for the new Los Amigos city park, reusing lumber for a shade structure, and river rocks to ornate some structures. Rancho Cucamonga Redevelopment Agency was awarded a Proposition 84 grant in 2011, acquired the property, construction began in March 2016, and opened in Spring 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Stys bought the land around S. Mills Ave in the 1920s and built his first house. The house was built of local materials and items that he salvaged, recycled and reused. During the Great Depression, Stys sold portions of his land to friends and acquaintances for low prices and loans that incurred little to no interest. Stys helped these people build houses with native rocks and items recycled from salvage yards, demolished buildings, and construction debris from roads and buildings (notably from construction of the Claremont Colleges).</p><br>
<p>Stys first helped Merle Mead, who built his house on Cucamonga Ave. Stys and Mead then helped Raymond Yerkes. Stys gave a house to his niece as a wedding gift. Burton Blanchard was 19 years old when Stys sold him a parcel of land without any down payment. It was the hard times of the Depression that helped to create this sense of community in these houses. The use of salvaged materials was an economic way to build houses.</p><br>
<p>There was no plan in the creation of this district. The houses were built at random. They became unified by the use of the same materials and by the association of the owners to Konstanty Stys.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed in the National Register of Historic Places because of the unique nature of the folk architecture and also because of the social and economic setting during the Great Depression that allowed for these 15 houses to be built.</p><br>
<p>The Charlton–King–Vandam Historic District is a small historic district located in the South Village area of the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. Designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission  in 1966, the district contains "the city&#39;s largest concentration of row houses in the Federal style, as well as a significant concentration of Greek Revival houses."</p><br>
<p>The district includes parts, but not all, of Charlton, King and Vandam Streets between the Avenue of the Americas (Sixth Avenue) and Varick Street (the southern extension of Seventh Avenue), as well as the block bounded by King, MacDougal and Houston Streets and Sixth Avenue. In its designation report, the NYCLPC emphasized that this area was not a modern creation, but had "always been, since its beginning, a distinct and separate neighborhood."</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the district was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Charlton–King–Vandam area was part of the estate of "Richmond Hill", a Georgian mansion built in 1767 and said to be one of the most beautiful mansions in Manhattan. It was used by George Washington during the American Revolution as a headquarters and later became John Adams Vice Presidential Mansion when the new countrys capital was New York City. Aaron Burr bought the mansion, and after living in it for a time and using it as the site of lavish parties, it was Burr who, in 1797, mapped the property, dividing it into lots and laying out the grid of three streets, which would become Charlton, King and Vandam. After Burr&#39;s duel with Alexander Hamilton, he lost control of the estate to John Jacob Astor, the leading land developer of the time, who paid off Burr in 1817 and proceeded to develop the area.</p><br>
<p>Astor had the mansion moved from the top of the hill it stood on to the corner of Charlton and Varick, and the hill was levelled; the mansion was subsequently used as a theatre. Builders bought the majority of the lots Astor laid out, so that much of the construction in the neighborhood took place in the early and mid-1820s, although some Greek Revival houses date from the 1840s, replacing houses destroyed by fire.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The north sides of Charlton and Vandam Streets display "exceptional examples" as well as houses showing elements transitional to the early Greek Revival style. King Street has a more varied mix, including Greek Revival houses, particularly those at #20 and #40-44, and houses in the Federal, Anglo-Italianate and Roman Revival styles. King also includes the former Public School 8, now converted to residences, designed by David Skagg and built in 1886, which has been characterized as a "lively Queen Anne-style building".</p><br>
<p>Snipe Loch  or Loch Snipe is a freshwater loch. It is situated in a low-lying area close to the B742 road next to Clocaird Farm in the Parish of Coylton, East Ayrshire, Scotland. The loch lies to the north of Martnaham Loch, 5 miles  east of Ayr.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Snipe Loch is a post-glacial Kettle Hole fed by the outflow from Loch Fergus and its outflow running into Martnaham Loch. The early OS maps show a sluice on the outflow, allowing the water level to be controlled. The loch was fed by springs situated near the lane at Cloncaird Farm. The early OS maps show an arm of the loch running almost as far as the lane to old Glencaird (sic).</p><br>
<p>The name could appropriately refer to the bird, snipe, Lymnocryptes minimus, however in Scots the word can refer to a featureless place, lacking significant characteristics, something long and thin, or a boggy place. In Scots the snipe is variously known as a "bluiter wheep, earn-bleater, heather-bleat, mire-snipe, or moss-bleater." Nearby Loch Fergus and Martnaham Loch are larger and have clear defining features such as castles, islands, etc.</p><br>
<p>The farm was known as Glencaird on the early OS maps and Old Glencaird id now marked as Cloncaird Cottages.</p><br>
<h2>Uses</h2><br>
<p>The loch is a popular angling loch and is a bird watching site. It is stocked with rainbow trout and also contains perch. pike, and eels, and are frequented by wild-duck, teal, and widgeon. Nearly half of the lochshore is dominated by deciduous woodland.</p><br>
<p>Long Lake is a large interdunal wetland in the Indiana Dunes region of Northwest Indiana. It was originally approximately 8 miles in length, but has been shortened due to development and drainage. It has a surface area of 34 hectares, and a maximum depth of 1.8 meters. There are three small islands, and the total shoreline length is 4.6 kilometers.</p><br>
<p>Long Lake is bisected by a major local arterial road, County Line Road. The eastern portion of the lake lies in Porter County in the town of Ogden Dunes, and the western portion is in Lake County in the Miller Beach community. The vast majority of Long Lake is within the boundaries of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, although a small area at the eastern end in Ogden Dunes is used by the American Water company for a water purification plant</p><br>
<p>Along the southern edge of the lake the Norfolk Southern railway, South Shore Line railway, and USA Route 12 highway run in parallel. The north side of Long Lake was formerly traversed by the Indiana Harbor Belt railway. That railway has now been replaced by the Marquette Trail and Long Lake Trail, multi-use trails used by cyclists, hikers and birdwatchers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Long Lake was one of the focus of Diana of the Dunes conservation efforts. Others joined these conservation efforts to preserve the Indiana Dunes.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, the ice of Long Lake furnished a livelihood for early inhabitants of the small town of Miller, which later became Miller Beach; ice was harvested from the lake and shipped to market by rail. The ice also provided a surface for ice-skating between Miller and Baillytown. A recreational fishery also flourished on the lake in the early 20th century, when a more diverse biota was present than today, including largemouth bass and yellow perch.</p><br>
<p>In 1920s, the construction of County Line Road separated the western portion of Long Lake from the larger, deeper eastern portion. No culvert connects the two halves; as a result, fish and many aquatic plants are periodically killed off when the western portion dries out during dry summer weather.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The shores of the western section of Long Lake are dominated by monospecific stands of cattails. The eastern section is dominated by more diverse successional growth. In summer, the open water is almost completely covered by pond lilies and water lilies.</p><br>
<p>Occasional fish kills, which occurred in 1990 and 2000, have reduced the number of species present in the lake. Species found in recent surveys have included green sunfish, bluegill, black bullhead, golden shiner, common carp and fathead minnow.</p><br>
<p>Amphibians found in and near Long Lake include the tiger salamander, blue-spotted salamander, chorus frog, spring peeper, American toad, Fowler&#39;s toad, green frog and bullfrog. Reptiles include the snapping turtle, common musk turtle, painted turtle, common garter snake, racer, Eastern hognose snake, and six-lined racerunner. There has been an unconfirmed sighting of the rare Eastern Massasauga rattlesnake near Long Lake as well, and the slender glass lizard is found nearby.</p><br>
<p>Long Lake is a popular stopover for migratory birds. Warblers nesting in nearby forests also often forage along the shoreline.</p><br>
<p>The Ash Street School is a historic schoolhouse in Manchester, New Hampshire. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1975. The school occupies the city block bounded by Ash, Bridge, Maple, and Pearl Streets.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The school building is a French style Second Empire three story brick building. Its windows are tall and narrow with rounded tops, and are slightly recessed from the facade in a square niche; the window niches on the second floor have a further decorative brickwork border on top. The building&#39;s most prominent feature is its clock tower, which rises four stories, and is topped by a mansard roof.</p><br>
<p>Building of the 13,800 ft&sup2; schoolhouse took place in 1873 and 1874. It was finally completed and dedicated in 1874. The Amoskeag Company paid only.04 cents per square foot for the empty lot back in 1869.</p><br>
<p>A model of the building won a gold medal for its innovative design at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in 1876. The shape of the building was designed to be that of a Greek cross, with arms 88 ft long and 32 ft wide. Each arm is aligned on the property so that each end faces one of the principal directions. All original classrooms (eight in total) had windows on three sides to assist in allowing light and adequate ventilation. The building was the first in the country with this design style.</p><br>
<p>The clock tower is 112 ft high. The bell alone within the clock tower weighs 2,100 lb.</p><br>
<p>The current owner, Nick Soggu, owner and founder of SilverTech, purchased the building for his corporation in November 2007.</p><br>
<p>Fleetwood Museum is a local history and maritime museum in the English seaside town of Fleetwood, Lancashire. The museum was originally the town&#39;s Customs House and, completed in 1836, was one of the first buildings constructed in Fleetwood. Like much of the town it was designed by architect Decimus Burton. The building is now a maritime museum. It has been designated a Grade II listed building by Historic England.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fleetwood was planned by local landowner Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood who employed Decimus Burton to lay out the town and design many of the buildings. Hesketh-Fleetwood intended his town to be a major port and Burton designed the Customs House as one of the first buildings, completed in 1836. In 1876 it became the private residence of Alexander Carson, who extended the building to the north, and named it "Wyre Holm&quot the customs offices were transferred to another building on the same terrace. The building became Fleetwood&#39;s Town Hall in 1889. For a short time, it was occupied by a private school and in 1992, it became Fleetwood Museum.</p><br>
<p>On 31 March 1978, Historic England designated the building a Grade II listed building. The Grade II designation—the lowest of the three grades—is for buildings that are "nationally important and of special interest".</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Fleetwood Museum is on two storeys. It is built of sandstone, rendered with roughcast lime plaster. The front façade has eight ranges of sash windows. The building is accessed from the front through two porticos. Both entrances are at the top of stone staircases and flanked by columns—the south entrance by round Doric columns and the north entrance by square columns. Between the two staircases there are iron railings with spear-shaped finials.</p><br>
<p>At the roof line there is a parapet with ornamental iron decoration and corner finials. Below the parapet there is a blocking course and a moulded cornice.</p><br>
<h2>Harriet</h2><br>
<p>The fishing smack Harriet, built in Fleetwood in 1893, was moved to the museum in 1998. It is housed in a purpose-built building behind the main museum building. It is registered as a member of the National Historic Fleet.</p><br>
<h2>Threatened and actual closures</h2><br>
<p>The Fleetwood Museum Trust is a charity established in 2006, with the stated aim "to save Fleetwood Museum from closure".</p><br>
<p>In November 2015 it was announced that Lancashire County Council would withdraw funding from five of its museums: Fleetwood Museum, Helmshore Mills Textile Museum, Judges&#39; Lodgings, Museum of Lancashire and Queen Street Mill, because of what the leader of the council described as "the financial challenges facing the county council as we deal with relentless cuts to central government funding combined with rising demand for our services". They were initially to close at the end of March 2016 but that month were reprieved until September 2016. Local supporters are opposing the closure, and Fleetwood Town Council agreed in January 2016 to "register an expression of interest" in funding the future of the museum.</p><br>
<p>The Museum closed on 30 September 2016, along with the other four Lancashire museums mentioned above, except for pre-booked school groups. the Fleetwood Museum Trust website stated:</p><br>
<p>and Lancashire County Council&#39;s website stated that "Negotiations are underway with a potential new operator."</p><br>
<p>The museum reopened on 14 April 2017. Lancashire County Council&#39;s website stated that:</p><br>
<p>Huanbei is the site of a Bronze Age city on the northern outskirts of the modern city of Anyang in Henan province, China, discovered in 1999. The name refers to its position to the north  of the Huan River. The city seems to have been burnt to the ground after 50 years of occupation, shortly before the construction on the other side of the river of the site now known as Yinxu, the source of the earliest Chinese written records, oracle bones relating to the last nine kings of the Shang dynasty. Huanbei is accordingly assigned to a "Middle Shang" period.</p><br>
<p>Artifacts had been recovered from the area since the 1960s. In 1999, a walled city eight feet beneath the surface was discovered in the course of a regional survey undertaken by the Institute of Archaeology at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Archaeometry Laboratory at the University of Minnesota. The city has since been excavated by joint teams from Institute of Archaeology at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the University of Minnesota, the University of Wisconsin and the University of British Columbia.</p><br>
<p>The city has walls of pounded earth forming an approximate square oriented 13 degrees east of north, with an area of 470 hectare, including a palace-temple complex of 41 hectare. Part of the site lies under Anyang&#39;s airport, limiting the scope of excavations.</p><br>
<p>Fuller Lake is the body of water with 1.7 acre of surface area in the former Pine Grove Quarry in Cooke Township, Cumberland County, south-central Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>It is within Pine Grove Furnace State Park and the Michaux State Forest, near the community of Toland. The state park is in the South Mountain Range of the northern Blue Ridge Mountains System.</p><br>
<p>During the period of iron ore excavation when the pit depth had sufficiently increased, mountain springs that filled the quarry required pumping.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Present day inflow maintains a low water temperature for swimming. A beach was added in the 20th century. In 1965, Fuller Lake was closed due to contamination, and was later reopened.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s lifeguards were eliminated for the 2008 season, and were restored in 2009. after a July 2008 drowning.</p><br>
<p>Fivebough and Tuckerbil Wetlands are two wetland sites within the Riverina and Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area , near Leeton in New South Wales, Australia. Both Fivebough and Tuckerbil sites form Crown reserve 1030008 managed by NSW Department of Industry, for ecological conservation and public recreation. The reserve was recognised as being a Wetland of International Importance through designation under the Ramsar Convention on 21 October 2002 as Ramsar Site 1224</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Fivebough Wetlands (34&deg;31&prime;50&Prime;S latitude, 146&deg;25&prime;55&Prime;E longitude) lies 4 km north-east of Leeton. It has an area of 400 ha, is a seasonal, shallow, fresh to brackish wetland in its east and north-west, with permanent water in the south-west of its basin.</p><br>
<p>Tuckerbil Wetlands (34&deg;29&prime;05&Prime;S latitude, 146&deg;20&prime;55&Prime;E longitude) lies 10 km north-west of Leeton and is a 289 ha seasonal, shallow, brackish to saline wetland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fivebough and Tuckerbil Wetlands were recognised for their environmental values as early as 1920 when ornithologist Samuel Albert White reported to the MIA Commissioner that Fivebough Swamp should be proclaimed a sanctuary, and Tuckerbil Swamp a reserve. Keith Collingwood McKeown (1892-1952) entomologist, naturalist, and author, during his time in Leeton (1915-1921) recorded the first bird observations (acknowledged in S. A. White&#39;s reports) in Leeton and the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area, including Fivebough and Tuckerbil Wetlands. McKeown later became assistant curator entomology (1929-1952) at the Australian Museum. In the late 1970s Fivebough Swamp, along with Tuckerbil swamp during the 1990s, became known for their birdwatching qualities. During 1994-1997 both Fivebough and Tuckerbil Wetlands using set methodology were surveyed as part of the RAOU (Birds Australia) Murray-Darling Basin Waterbird Project. The results from the project identifying the wetlands as qualifying under five of the nine Ramsar Convention criteria as Wetlands of International Importance, based on waterbird species diversity, populations, and nationally threatened species. From September 1997 to January 1998 the wetlands were managed by a sub committee of the Murrumbidgee Field Naturalists under the direction of the NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation after which time, a formal management committee was appointed by the NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation. This management committee in 2000 became the Fivebough and Tuckerbil Wetlands Management Trust. The Trust developed, 2001-2002, in consultation with the Leeton community and others the nomination of Fivebough and Tuckerbil Wetlands as a Wetland of International Importance and submitted it to the NSW State and Commonwealth Governments May 29, 2002, together with a comprehensive plan of management for the wetlands. Amongst the objectives of the plan of management are waterbird conservation, education and eco-tourism, with acknowledgment and respect for the cultural significance of the wetlands to the local Wiradjuri people.</p><br>
<h2>Ramsar values</h2><br>
<p>The wetlands were recognised as being of international importance because of the presence, abundance and diversity of their waterbirds, including migratory waders and threatened species. Both wetlands act as waterbird habitat and refuge within an agricultural landscape, gaining some of their habitat values from human uses of the site, such as livestock grazing, flood mitigation and sewage treatment.</p><br>
<h2>Birds</h2><br>
<p>Some of the land covered by the two wetlands has been identified by BirdLife International as a 328 ha Important Bird Area because it supports significant numbers of the endangered Australasian bittern and over 1% of the world populations of glossy ibis and sharp-tailed sandpiper. The wetlands also provide habitat for the Australian painted snipe and Tuckerbil serves as an important flocking area for brolgas.</p><br>
<p>The Vénus de Quinipily  is an ancient statue of uncertain origins, located southeast of Baud, Morbihan, Brittany, in north–western France. It is approximately 2.2 metres  in height and carved from granite. The statue represents a naked woman and stands in front of a fountain on a 2.75 m high granite pedestal. The large basin beneath the statue is also carved out of a single granite block. It is believed that the statue may be of Greek, Roman or Egyptian origin. There is similar uncertainty about its subject; it may be a Celtic deity, the Roman Mother goddess Cybele, or an Egyptian Isis statue.</p><br>
<p>It was originally erected at the site of a former Roman camp in Castennec in Bieuzy-les-Eaux, a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany. It was the centre of superstitious rites in Brittany for centuries and became an object of a pagan veneration. At the request of the Bishop of Vannes, the statue was thrown into the Blavet river twice; first in 1661 and then again in 1670, but recovered both times, first in 1664 and then in 1695 by Pierre de Lannion, the Lord of Blavet Quinipily. In 1701, the statue was substantially altered and placed in its present position at Quinipily where a garden has been created to showpiece the ancient monument.</p><br>
<p>The statue is classified under Monument historiquea National Heritage Site of France on August 24, 1993. The heritage protection was made applicable from November 18, 1943. It is indexed in the Base Mériméea database of architectural heritage maintained by the French Ministry of Culture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origin</h3><br>
<p>The origins of the Vénus de Quinipily are uncertain, but it is believed to have been sculpted around 49 BC. It was originally erected at the site of a former Roman camp in Castennec in Bieuzy-les-Eaux, a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany in northwestern France. Various origins of the statue have been proposed, including Greek, Roman or Egyptian; a Celtic deity, the Roman Mother goddess Cybele, or an Egyptian Isis statue. It has also been proposed that the statue did not survive its restoration in 1696 by Pierre de Lannion, the Lord of Blavet Quinipily, and that he secretly replaced it with a new one. According to the French archaeologist Monsieur de Penhouët, the statue was built by Moorish soldiers in the Roman army.</p><br>
<h3>Names</h3><br>
<p>During the seventeenth century, the statue was worshiped by pregnant women and had various names in the Breton language such as Er Groach Couard, the "Cowardly Old Woman", or as the "Good Woman", Groah-Goard, la Couarde, or la Gward. The color of the stone from which it was carved also inspired the name Gronech HouarnThe Iron Woman. The statue has also been called Groah Hoart (The Old Guardian). It is said that as the statue stood in the Roman guard house, it was called as Hroech-ar-Gouard, the Old Woman (or Witch) of the Guard-House. The inscriptions on the pedestal say that it is called the Venus Armoricorum Oraculum. The inscriptions also claim that after the Romans conquered Gaul, it was dedicated to Venus Victrix. According to Macquoid, however, the statue could never have been meant to represent a Venus.</p><br>
<h3>Related superstitions and rites</h3><br>
<p>The statue was an object of superstitious rites in Brittany for centuries. It was believed that sick people would be cured by touching the statue. Childless people would often pay a visit to the statue in the hope of producing offspring. It is said that during seventeenth century "foul", "indecent and obscene" rites were also practiced at the statue, and that many couples performed "erotic" acts near the statue. The statue was also credited with being a sorcerer who would help those who approached her with dignity but would avenge herself on those who neglected to treat her with due honour.</p><br>
<p>The rituals performed at the statue by pregnant women involved walking round three times, reciting charms and touching ones abdomen. Women would also carry a band which would either be touched to the statue and then tied around their waist, or half of the band would be tied to the statue while the remaining half would be kept on the womans body until the child was born. After the childbirth, the basin in front of the statue was used by women to bathe in. The rites performed in the honour of the statue were said to be similar to those performed by Phoenicians in the worship of their Venus.</p><br>
<h3>Demolition and restoration</h3><br>
<p>As the statue became an object of a pagan veneration, missionaries and the Bishop of Vannes Charles de Rosmadec asked Claude de Lannion, Lord of Blavet Quinipily, to destroy the statue. In 1661, Lannion ordered the statue to be thrown into the Blavet river. Abundant rain destroyed the harvest soon after, which peasantry and devotees interpreted as an act of anger by their insulted idol. In 1664, the statue was drawn from the river and restored to its original location.</p><br>
<p>In 1670, Rosmadec approached Claude de Lannion again and requested him to break the statue into pieces. Lannion ordered this to be done. However, the workmen, for fear of the peasants and devotees, only mutilated one of her breasts and one arm and again threw the statue into the same river. Soon after this, Claude de Lannion fell from his horse and died, which devotees considered as "a judgement from heaven for his having consented to destroy the idol." The statue remained in the river for 25 years until Bishop Rosmadec decided to root out paganism in his diocese and asked Pierre de Lannion, son of Claude de Lannion, to destroy the statue. As Pierre was an antiquarian, he pulled the statue up from the river in 1695 but did not destroy it. The events associated with the demolition and restoration became a local cause célèbre.</p><br>
<h3>Modification and ownership</h3><br>
<p>In 1696, Pierre de Lannion transported the statue to his château at Quinipily. It is said that it took forty yoke of oxen to drag the statue and the large granite basin there. Soldiers posted along the route from Castennec to Quinipily came to blows with peasants furious at the loss of their idol. Residents of Castennec protested against the "abduction" of the statue and with the help of Duke of Rohan sued Lannion to regain the possession. However, in 1701, the court confirmed the ownership as Lannion&#39;s by virtue of his saving it from the river. Supposedly, Pierre damaged the statue during the restoration and secretly replaced it with a new one on a pedestal.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The seven-foot tall "Venus" statue represents a naked woman standing in front of a huge but dilapidated fountain on a nine foot high granite pedestal. Her arms are wrapped around her belly, and the lower part of the body consists of straight legs placed slightly apart. The breasts are damaged, and the hair is straight. The statue wears two bands as her only ornamentation. The first band is tied around head whereas the other is around the neck, with the ends hanging down in front of the body, reaching down to the thighs, and broad enough to cover the genital area.</p><br>
<p>The statue wears a fillet with three large letters; either "I. I. T.", "I. T. T.", "J. I. T." or "L. I. T." engraved on it. These letters may have been engraved when Pierre de Lannion re-chiseled the statue and may have originally read "ILITHYIA", the Greek goddess of childbirth. It is also speculated that these letters were carved later by one of the young Roman officers to amuse himself by carving his initials on the forehead. The fingers and toes of "Venus" are represented by lines and the facial expression has distinct similarities to those of Egyptian idols.</p><br>
<p>The large cistern beneath the statue is carved out of a single granite block, filled with water. It is believed that Pierre de Lannion was "deceived" by the nature of the worship paid to the statue, thus he placed the statue above a pedestal with Latin inscriptions, one on each side of it. It is believed that the design has oriental influences, but it may not be a Gallo-Roman design.</p><br>
<p>The statue was classified under Monument historiquea National Heritage Site of France on August 24, 1993 with the identification number 88378. The heritage protection was made applicable from November 18, 1943. It is indexed in the Base Mériméea database of architectural heritage maintained by the French Ministry of Culture, under the reference PA00091021.</p><br>
<p>Miss Willie’s House, also known as the Dr. Samuel Welch House, is a historic brick Queen Anne-style house in Talladega, Alabama, USA. It was built by Dr. Samuel W. Welch and his wife Ethel in 1907. Upon the deaths of Dr. Welch and his wife, the house passed to their daughter, Miss Willie Wallace Welch, who lived in the house until her death in 1997. The house is a contributing property to the "Silk Stocking District", a historic district designated in 1979 by the National Register of Historic Places in Talladega County.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed by renowned architect Frank Lockwood of Montgomery, Alabama, and built by contractor Robert S. West, of Talladega. This duo collaborated on many of Talladega&#39;s historic homes and buildings. Dr. Welch served as the State Health Officer for Alabama and spent much of his career addressing health and medical issues across the State. He was also a Mason and an Odd Fellow. Miss Willie Welch was a lifelong bachelorette, a local historian, and was employed by the Talladega Public Library for over 30 years.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Welch Home is one of only three solid brick houses in Talladega County - the walls being double-brick (8" thick). It features three bay windows and 17 Grecian columns along the wraparound porch. Although the house is a single-story house, the roof was built tall and steep in case the attic was ever converted to living space. The floor plan is divided by a wide central hallway with rooms on each side. The extra-wide hallway was built to accommodate a staircase at the rear for access to the attic. Two of the four interior fireplaces feature French enameled mantles.</p><br>
<p>At the time of construction, neither gas nor electric lines had been installed in the neighborhood so the house was both wired for electric lighting and piped for gas lighting. Electric lines reached the neighborhood first, so electric light fixtures were purchased for the house. The gas pipes and fittings can still be seen in each room today.</p><br>
<p>The Courthouse Wash Pictographs are a series of large pictographs created over a long period of time, located on a sheltered sandstone wall in Arches National Park, Utah. The series of images depict a variety of figures, many of them anthropomorphic and measuring up to 5 ft in height. The Courthouse wash site is located near the junction of Courthouse Wash with the Colorado River, extending over a 100-meter section of cliff base. The pictographs include painted figures resembling those found in Horseshoe Canyon in Canyonlands National Park, 35 mi to the west. Other figures, including those of animals, have been incised by removal of the rock&#39;s covering of desert varnish. The painted figures follow the Barrier Canyon Style and are believed to be between 1500 and 4000 years old. The incised figures are attributed to the Fremont culture and are dated to about 1000-1200 AD. Figures mounted on horseback were created in historical times since the 16th century introduction of horses and are attributed to Navajo or Ute artists.</p><br>
<p>The site is accessible from a footpath.5 mi from US 191 northeast of Moab, Utah. The site was extensively vandalized in 1980, but has been conserved.</p><br>
<p>The Courthouse Wash site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 1, 1976.</p><br>
<p>Oaklawn Farm is a historic property in Wayne, Illinois. The farm was operated by the Dunham family, who successfully bred Percheron horses. The property features the chateauesque Dunham Castle, which was built by Mark Wentworth Dunham in 1880. Nine other buildings from the time period still stand on the property, which is still used as the Dunham Woods Riding Club. The farm was recognized by the National Park Service as a Historic Place in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property that would become Oaklawn Farm was first settled in 1835. In 1865, Mark W. Dunham purchased the land and built his own house on it. Three years later, Dunham organized the Fletcher Norman Horse Company with his uncle and a group of local farmers. They intended to raise Percheron horses as studs. They bought two stallions from Perche, one of which (Success) became the most notable Percheron breeder of all time. Dunham worked tirelessly to perfect his breed of horses, traveling to France to learn from other breeders. He imported over 1,300 horses from the country by 1883. Oaklawn Farm was soon internationally recognized as an important breeding establishment. In 1888, it was estimated that one-fifth of all imported French horses lived at Oaklawn. Dunham issued a catalog to prospective clients, some with illustrations by Rosa Bonheur. Agricultural exhibitors from the World&#39;s Columbian Exposition tested out machinery on the property, so the farm was visited by many famous names, including Daniel Burnham, Marshall Field, and Carter Harrison, Sr. In the early 20th century, farm machinery dramatically reduced the need for draft horses. Oaklawn ceased operations in 1929, and the Dunham family sold much of the property. The remaining portions of the part were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 26, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Today, the farm occupies all four corners of the intersection of Army Trail and Dunham Roads in Wayne, Illinois. The original farm was over 1,700 acres, but presently the property occupies only 56 acres. The southeast corner still functions as a horseback riding club. The Oaklawn Farm Historic District contains 11 buildings, all but one of which were in operation before the 1929 liquidation. Five buildings are considered to be of great significance to the site, two have significant significance, three have little significance, and one is an intrusion.</p><br>
<p>By 1880, Mark Dunham had become fabulously wealthy, and decided to build a mansion on his property. Dunham wanted to integrate French chateau designs with modern American architectural trends. The house, now known as Dunham Castle, is on the northwest corner of the property. The interior had been converted into apartments and then back to a private residence, but the exterior remains intact. Dunham himself designed the building with some help from Elgin builder Smith Hoag. The house is 70 x and stands two-and-a-half stories tall. The house is 70 x and stands two-and-a-half stories tall. The brick was imported from Racine, Wisconsin and sits on a foundation of Batavia stone. The northeast corner featured an octagonal tower, while a round tower adorns the southeast corner. The center of the main (eastern) exposure features a gable with three arched windows. Each of the main floors on the east has three pairs of windows with decorative lintels, although the main entrance takes the place of the central pair on the first floor. The roof is steep with patterned tile. Although the exterior has been well preserved since its 1883 construction, the interior has been completely remodeled.</p><br>
<p>A house on the southeast side of the property dates to the late 1870s that was used as a residence for the family coachman. It is probably that Mark Dunham used this as his residence before Dunham Castle was completed. The house is one-and-a-half stories with Gothic and Neo-Renaissance influences.</p><br>
<p>The Dunham Woods Riding Club building was formerly in use as the Solomon Dunham House. Solomon was Mark Dunhams father, who was a pioneer of the region after arriving from New York in 1835. Solomon was a county assessor and was the first person to survey Kane County. This information was useful when the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad was constructed in 1851. Solomon built a train station for the line in Wayne, as well as a house, store and inn. This made him the founder of the village. He retired from public life in 1857, transferring his responsibilities to his son, Mark. Solomons house was built in 1836 in an L-shaped pattern in the rural Greek Revival style. The -story building received a large addition by Mark Dunham in 1884 on the west side; Mark used it as the Oaklawn Farm office. In 1935, the Dunham Woods Riding Club was founded in the former house.</p><br>
<p>The other two particularly significant buildings are barns used by the Dunham family. Both are on the southeast end of the property. A 133 x horse barn was built around 1884 with loft dormers on the north and south sides. The other barn was also built around 1884, but is much smaller than the horse barn (26 x). Its original purpose has not been ascertained; it is now used as a realty office.</p><br>
<p>A long, narrow, frame structure also remains on the property from its days as Oaklawn Farm. Its original purpose is also in question, but it is now used as kennels for the riding club. Some sort of power house or grist mill is on the southeast part of the property. It also dates back to the original farm. Three minor buildings are considered to be of slight significance, and may or may not have been used by the Dunham family. These are a barn, a garage, and an outhouse on the southeast side. A barn on the southeast side is the only building on the property known to have been constructed after 1935.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Drummond&#39;s Island occurred during the American exploring expedition in April 1841 at Tabiteuea, then known as Drummond&#39;s Island. After an attack by native warriors on the United States Navy sloop USS Peacock, the Americans decided on exacting redress for the incident, which they succeeded in doing.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The USS Peacock was under the command of Lieutenant William L. Hudson when Commander Charles Wilkes ordered him to explore Drummond&#39;s Island, so named after a member of the expedition. Around this time Lieutenant Hudson learned from a member of his crew that a merchant ship had wrecked on a reef off the island&#39;s northwest coast years before. Most of the crew were massacred except a "white woman" and a child who were supposed to still be living there. So on April 6, the Peacock anchored off Utiroa on Drummond&#39;s island and he went ashore with the Scientific Corps and a few navy officers, as well as the detachment of marines. At first the natives were described as peaceful and they led the Americans to their village center. Tabiteuea means "land of no chiefs" in Gilbertese and the natives themselves practiced egalitarianism which meant the Americans had no chief, or leader, to consult with. Utiroa was said to be where the massacre had taken place so other than studying the flora and fauna of the island, Hudson wanted to inquire about the shipwreck and the stranded woman and child. The natives spoke nothing of the incident but "parts of the vessel was found" inside the village&#39;s huts though most of the buildings were deemed off limits.</p><br>
<p>After several hours the Americans returned to their ship but returned the following afternoon of April 7. All was fine until Lieutenant Hudson and his men were on their way back to the Peacock when they noticed that a member of the procession, Seaman John Anderson, was missing. A search was made and went unnoticed by the Gilbertese who appeared to be arming themselves with swords, spears and other weapons. Eventually the search was discontinued and the Americans began boarding their gig and four armed boats. Just then the natives tried to surround the sailors and marines, throwing rocks and waving their swords and spears as the boats shoved off. No one was harmed in the affair and Lieutenant Hudson decided to wait for Anderson until April 9, by which time the small schooner Flying Fish arrived.</p><br>
<h2>Battle</h2><br>
<p>After it became apparent that the sailor would not return, Hudson attacked the town to administer punishment. About eighty marines and sailors under Lieutenant William M. Walker of the Marine Corps was divided into three sections and landed at daylight. Meanwhile, the Peacock maneuvered into firing position off Utiroa and the Flying Fish covered the landing of men in seven boats. In case the landing party was overwhelmed, the schooner would provide covering fire and rescue the survivors. Around 700 Gilbertese warriors were dancing in the jungle near the beach and as the boats pulled in, Lieutenant Walker shouted a warning to let Seaman Anderson go. The demand was ignored and the natives entered the water and headed for the boats, forcing them to retreat a little ways. After this Walker turned his boats around and opened fire with a rocket at the mass of warriors. He then ordered his men to begin volley fire and devastated the natives according to the Peacocks log book. A little while later the natives "fled to the bush" so the American vessels pulled in closer to shore, within "pistol shot" range. Then the landing was made.</p><br>
<p>The Gilbertese were not gone for long, many returned to defend their villages and they unsuccessfully skirmished with Americans for hours. When all the buildings of Utiroa were burned, Walker and his men moved on to another nearby village and destroyed it as well. They then tried to inquire about the shipwrecked survivors but again nothing was uncovered so Lieutenant Walker led his men back to the boats. There were no American combat casualties but the armed boats were damaged in some way during the action and they were repaired aboard USS Peacock as she sailed to rejoin Commander Wilkes in the sloop-of-war USS Vincennes with the Flying Fish in company. Twelve islanders were killed in the fighting and others were wounded. Later during the expedition, the Peacock sank without loss of life in July 1841 while sailing into the mouth of the Columbia River.</p><br>
<p>Mont Bellevue is a peak that rises to 333 m as well as 200 hectares of land, 30 kilometers of trails, and several different types of ecosystems. Claiming 20% of the total park land, it is the largest park in Sherbrooke.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Belle vue translates to "beautiful view" in English. The mountain, its park, and the borough in which it lies are named after "the magnificent landscape one discovers at its summit."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Université de Sherbrooke, built in 1954, originally used the land for sports, recreation, education, and research. In 1959, the City of Sherbrooke constructed the first ski lift on the mountain, signaling the beginning of the development of Mont Bellevue for public recreational purposes. Between 1959 and 1975, the city reserved 45 hectares of land for alpine skiing, tennis, archery, and various trails.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the City of Sherbrooke undertook park management and maintenance. To this day, the City of Sherbrooke continues to improve the park with consideration for the environment through the Regroupement du Mont Bellevue organization.</p><br>
<p>In August 2013, Mont Bellevue was one of the venues for the Canada Games. In preparation for the event, the Club de vélo de montagne de Sherbrooke was granted CA $300,000 for the improvement of the park&#39;s mountain bike course.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Mont Bellevue houses a small alpine skiing station that has six tracks and a chalet at which visitors may rent skiing, snowboarding, or snowshoeing equipment. Other winter activities available in the park include cross-country skiing, winter walking, and snow tubing. Summer visitors may participate in hiking, mountain biking, cycling, archery, tennis, jogging, and geocaching.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Wildlife observers often view deer, squirrels, and chipmunks in the park. Less commonly observed mammals include porcupine, skunks, and raccoons. Among the many types of avian species in the mountain, birders may view blue jays, cardinals, wood thrush, veery, and ruffed grouse. Reptiles on the mountain include brown snakes and garter snakes, while numerous types of amphibians, molluscs, and insects also occupy the space.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>A variety of wildflowers, ferns, trees, edible plants, and fungus inhabit the mountain.</p><br>
<h4>Flowers</h4><br>
<p>Trout lilies</p><br>
<p>Pink turtlehead</p><br>
<p>Lily of the valley</p><br>
<p>Foamflower</p><br>
<p>Blue cohosh</p><br>
<p>Pink streptope</p><br>
<p>Solomon&#39;s seal</p><br>
<p>Painted trillium</p><br>
<p>Pink lady&#39;s slipper</p><br>
<p>Jack-in-the-pulpit</p><br>
<p>Common hemp-nettle</p><br>
<p>Euphrasia</p><br>
<p>Silvery cinquefoil</p><br>
<p>Common mullein</p><br>
<p>Indian pipe</p><br>
<p>Pinesap</p><br>
<p>Ground pine</p><br>
<h4>Fruits and vegetables</h4><br>
<p>Ramps</p><br>
<p>Horseradish</p><br>
<p>Blueberry</p><br>
<p>Juneberry</p><br>
<p>Raspberry and wineberry</p><br>
<p>Nannyberry</p><br>
<p>Blackberry</p><br>
<p>Chokecherry</p><br>
<p>Apple</p><br>
<p>Wild strawberry</p><br>
<p>Elderberry</p><br>
<h4>Trees</h4><br>
<p>Striped maple</p><br>
<p>American basswood</p><br>
<h3>Invasive species</h3><br>
<p>Buckthorn, honeysuckle, and Japanese knotweed are among the invasive plants on the mountain.</p><br>
<h4>Black slug</h4><br>
<p>The black slug (local, limace noire) is an invasive pest native to Europe that was transported to the area during the construction of the Université de Sherbrooke in the 1950s. Windows imported from England in wooden crates padded with straw are thought to have contained eggs from the pest.</p><br>
<p>From there, they took to the Mont Bellevue Park, where the soil humidity is conducive to their locomotion, and where their massive size and lack of shell means they easily outcompete native species. The black slug also has few natural predators in North America, meaning it is a threat to the stability of the ecosystems on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>There is concern that the molluscs might spread to other parts of town via accidental transportation by automobiles that stay for long periods of time in the Mont Bellevue or university parking areas.</p><br>
<h4>=Eradication efforts=</h4><br>
<p>In 2008, residents of the Mont-Bellevue and Mont-Sainte-Anne sectors surrounding the park reported major issues with the critters, who are known for decimating gardens. City councillors deferred their complaints to provincial ministers.</p><br>
<p>In early 2009, the city drew up plans to pursue the eradication of the slugs, granting CA $12,000 to Environtel 3000 so the company could analyze the scope and distribution of the pests. However, that summer saw yet another worrisome abundance of the pest.</p><br>
<p>The report revealed that 15-20% of the slugs begin their reproductive cycle early, allowing for the growth of two generations per year instead of one. Warm autumns and winters, as well as wet springs and summers, promote the growth of the slug population.</p><br>
<p>Following the report, the city began the production of informative brochures detailing the steps homeowners can take to get rid of the pests on their properties.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, a retired biology teacher from the Cégep de Sherbrooke admitted that he gathers the slugs from his yard, feeds them lettuce to "clean" them, boils them to get rid of their slime, then sautés them in butter, garlic, green onions, and croutons, not unlike one would do with escargot. However, this is generally advised against as the critters, especially ones in populations that are being controlled, may contain parasites.</p><br>
<p>West Union Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at West Union, Doddridge County, West Virginia. It encompasses 27 contributing buildings that include the commercial and civic core of the town, and surrounding residential buildings. The district includes a number of buildings representative of popular architectural styles from the late-19th century and early-20th century including Romanesque Revival, Neoclassical, and Queen Anne. Notable buildings include the Doddridge County Courthouse  and Jail , Scott W. Stuart House , Silas P. Smith House , Town Hall , Droppleman Residence , Michel&#39;s Pharmacy . Empire Oil Building , and Myles Manufacturing Co., Inc. . Also located in the district is the separately listed Silas P. Smith Opera House.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Lathrop Russell Charter House is a historic home located at West Union, Doddridge County, West Virginia, USA It was built in 1877, and is a two-story, T-shaped frame dwelling, with a low-pitched hipped roof with bracketed eaves. It features tall crowned windows and a two-story side porch. Also on the property is a contributing guest house.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The L.R. Charter House, located at the end of High Street in West Union, is an intact and representative example of the Italianate style. The two-story house, constructed in 1877, remains substantially unaltered from its original appearance when the Charter family occupied the house. The building&#39;s most significant characteristics are its size; tall, crowned windows; low-pitched, hipped roof with broad, bracketed eaves; and two-story side porch. The Charter house has undergone few alterations and it retains the characteristics that are most illustrative of the Italianate style.</p><br>
<p>The house sits on a coursed, rough stone foundation and under a its original metal roof. It has a T-shaped plan and an intersecting hipped roof. The front main block of the house is a symmetrical two-story box with three bays across both levels of the front and one bay of paired windows on the side. The main entrance faces south towards High Street. The panelled double doors are located in the center of the facade. The doors stand behind the original wooden storm doors in a segmental-arched frame. )4 molded, wooden crown tops the opening. The house&#39;s porch was recently removed because of its rotted condition but photographs taken during the 1970s reveal a typical Italianate porch located in front of the center bay. Arched openings, broad fluted supports, and a bracketed cornice adorned the porch. The porch supported a balcony above with a closed railing and finials on its corners. Tall, paired windows stand directly over the entrance and open onto the balcony. These windows and all other windows on the main block of the house stand in segmental arched openings and display decorative metal crowns over the top.</p><br>
<p>Other decorative features that embellish the house are the brick quoins that define each corner, the corbelled brick string course under the roofline, and the paired center chimneys. Another characteristic typical of Italianate houses is the bracketed roofline. The brackets across the eaves are small, simple, and decorative. On the corners of the house and over the brick pilasters flanking the entrance bay are larger, more elaborate scroll brackets that are only decorative but appear to be holding the broad eaves. The low-pitched hipped roof with its overhanging eaves and pronounced brackets, recalls the styles Italian Renaissance roots from which it is derived. The buildings three-story rear wing was probably constructed at the same time or shortly after the front section. It was built more simply than the front section but still displays the same Italianate detail. The</p><br>
<p>lindows and doors stand in segmental arched openings and have exterior shutters.</p><br>
<p>The Rock House was built as a residence for the National Park Service custodian of Arches National Monument, now Arches National Park, in 1941. Constructed using Civilian Conservation Corps labor, the residence served its purpose until it was replaced by newer housing under the Park Service&#39;s Mission 66 program. The house is built of local stone in a coursed rubble pattern, with painted milled wood trim. The house was designed by Verland Norgard, in a style that combines rustic elements with Greek Revival and Federal style details. Two small, non-contributing additions have been constructed to the rear of the house, and the interior, which has been extensively modified, does not retain its historic integrity.</p><br>
<p>The Rock House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 6, 1988. It has been used as office space for the Canyonlands Natural History Association.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin Sound Islands Important Bird Area comprises several small islands, with a collective total area of 1725 ha, lying in Franklin Sound between the much larger Flinders Island to the north and Cape Barren Island to the south, in the Furneaux Group of Tasmania, Australia.</p><br>
<p>The islands have been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because they support over 1% of the global populations of the Cape Barren goose, short-tailed shearwater, white-faced storm-petrel, black-faced cormorant, sooty oystercatcher and Pacific gull.</p><br>
<p>Islands in the Franklin Sound islands IBA include:</p><br>
<p>* Vansittart Island</p><br>
<p>* Ram Island</p><br>
<p>* Pelican Island</p><br>
<p>* Little Dog Island</p><br>
<p>* Great Dog Island</p><br>
<p>* Briggs Islet</p><br>
<p>* Little Green Island</p><br>
<p>* Spences Reefs</p><br>
<p>* Anderson Island</p><br>
<p>* Little Anderson Island</p><br>
<p>* Mid Woody Islet</p><br>
<p>* Tin Kettle Island</p><br>
<p>* Oyster Rocks</p><br>
<p>* Neds Reef</p><br>
<p>* Long Island</p><br>
<p>The Nathaniel West Buildings in southeast Portland, Oregon, United States, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The two structures are part of a group of three, including West&#39;s Block, built by West in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1892, the brick structure at 711&ndash;19 Southeast Grand Avenue, in the middle of the block, is Italianate in style. Its cornice roof resembles that of its neighbor, West&#39;s Block, at 701&ndash;07 S.E. Grand Ave., also on the National Register. Features of the 51 by building include two sets of eight double-hung sash windows with arched frames, one set per floor. The interior of the building has been subdivided for commercial space and offices.</p><br>
<p>More modest than the 1892 structure, the brick building at 721&ndash;27 S.E. Grand Ave. was constructed in 1896 in a Streetcar Era Commercial style. Notable features of the 60 by structure are pilasters that divide the main floor into three bays; double-hung sash windows on the second floor; recessed horizontal panels over each bay, and a modest cornice. The interior has been remodeled to accommodate the East Bank Saloon with its antique furniture and East Portland photographs on the main floor and a banquet room on the second floor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nathaniel West (1826&ndash;97) emigrated with his wife and four children from New York to Oregon in 1875. Settling in East Portland a year later, West bought and sold property to raise capital and in 1883 built the West&#39;s Block building. Here the West family opened a dry goods and clothing store and lived in an upstairs apartment. Over the next decade, the family constructed several other buildings in the block.</p><br>
<p>The original Morrison Bridge, near the West&#39;s Block and championed by West when he was president of the East Portland City Council, opened in 1887. Running east&ndash;west over the Willamette River, it connected East Portland to downtown Portland. By 1900, more than half of the Portland-area population lived on the east side of the river, and Grand Avenue was the main north&ndash;south street along the east bank. In 1936, work on the bridge approaches led to demolition of the West buildings except the three along the avenue.</p><br>
<p>Since their construction, the West structures have served many purposes. Original uses included retail stores, a Post Office station, a drug store, and private housing. A shoe and boot store, an electric company, an oyster house, a boxing gymnasium, a sound-system company, and a saloon were among the businesses that later used the properties. The Architectural Heritage Center, a non-profit focused on historic preservation, occupies the West&#39;s Block building, at 701 S.E. Grand Ave.</p><br>
<p>Idlewild is a historic plantation house and historic district just east of Talladega, Alabama, United States. The property was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage and the National Register of Historic Places in 1993, due to its architectural significance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After settling with his family in Talladega County, just east of the city of Talladega, William Blount McClellan established the plantation of Idlewild and built the house that stands today in 1843. The 1860 United States Census records him as having 46 African slaves.</p><br>
<p>William B. McClellan was born on January 22, 1798 in Knox County, Tennessee, and died on October 11, 1881 in Talladega County, Alabama. He married Martha Thompson Roby (b. November 18, 1809, Georgia, d. January 30, 1858, Talladega County, Alabama) on June 30, 1825 and together they had 16 children. William B. McClellan was a graduate of West Point, a brigadier-general of local Alabama militia, and later a colonel in the Confederate States Army.</p><br>
<p>Martnaham Loch  is a freshwater loch lying across the border between East and South Ayrshire Council Areas, 2 km from Coylton, in the parishes of Coylton and Dalrymple, 3 miles from Ayr. The loch lies along an axis from north-east to south-west. The remains of a castle lie on a possibly artificial islet within the loch. The Campbells of Loudoun once held the lands, followed by the Kennedys of Cassillis.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The loch</h3><br>
<p>Martnaham Loch is a large post-glacial Kettle Hole fed by the Sidehill Burn, the Whitehill Burn and an outflow from Snipe Loch which in turn receives water from Loch Fergus. The loch&#39;s outflow is at the south-west end and the Sidehill Burn enters at the north-east end. As stated the outflow from Loch Fergus passes into Snipe Loch, this flow entering between Cloncaird Cottages and Martnaham Lodge. A small islet lies off the eastern lochshore and a promontory, once an island, holds the ruins of the old castle.</p><br>
<p>Martnaham is variously recorded as Martinham, Martnam, Martna, Matuane, and even Mertineton in 1700. The name may be Anglian or Gaelic and any connection with Saint Ninian&#39;s tutor, Saint Martin of Tours would be speculation.</p><br>
<h3>Martnaham Castle</h3><br>
<p>The ruins of an old castle built on an island, recorded as Martnam Ynch (sic), near the centre of the loch are still apparent (NS 3952 1732), the entrance having been from the south side of the loch, formed by a stone embankment or causeway from the land to the island. It is not clear when it was erected. It was inhabited till the 16th century. The remains are of a large building, 21m by 7.5m, and the foundations of an annexe, 12m by 5m, were visible to the north-east. The main block is divided into three compartments, and the walls are of mortared rubble masonry, 0.8m thick, and attain a maximum height of 2.0m. Architectural features suggest a 16th/17th-century date. A possible rectangular building at the approach to the causeway may indicate the previous presence of a gatehouse. The site has been densely wooded for many years.</p><br>
<p>Martnaham may have been part of a chain of fortalices forming a defensive line, including Drongan and Auchencloigh castles. Circa 1661 John Bonar, a schoolmaster in Ayr, wrote a poetical description of the local traditions regarding King Cole and states that -</p><br>
<p>The castle was the caput of the old Barony of Martnaham. The site is said to have been besieged in the 1650s. Groome refers to it as "ivy-clad ruins of an old mansion house."</p><br>
<p>In 1612 John Monipennie noted the Loch of Matuane, with a strong tower.</p><br>
<p>Paterson, writing in the 1860s, gives some interesting details -</p><br>
<p>"Only portions of three gables exist. The walls are not very thick, safety having apparently been chiefly relied upon because of its isolated situation. An artificial causeway, which could have been cut off at pleasure, leads to the ruin, and the island itself is evidently of the same character - being made of forced earth. It is thickly planted with trees, amongst which a colony of crows have continued to brood for ages. The garden is said to have been made of soil brought from France or Ireland, so as to exclude vermin. The Marquis of Ailsa has a shooting and fishing lodge on the banks of the loch, which is well stocked with pike and perch, the latter having been introduced within the last thirty years."</p><br>
<p>The Martnaham Castle island and causeway bear the characteristics of an adapted shallow water crannog and associated causeway as found in other Ayrshire lochs such as Lochspouts, Buiston, Lochlea, Loch Brand, and Kilbirnie.</p><br>
<h2>Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland, 1897-1909</h2><br>
<p>This survey carried out by James Murray in 1906 shows a maximum depth of 29 feet in the eastern section with a depth of around 5 feet near the old castle and along much of the length of the loch margin. Areas of marshy ground and several inlets are present.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>Martnaham Loch is a SSSI for the western half of its area. The south-western end of the loch is bordered by mixed woodland. Martnaham has had some notable rarities recorded over the years, such as smew, ring-necked duck, black tern, lesser scaup and hobby. Autumn and winter feature visits from flocks of goldeneye, wigeon, pochard and teal. Shoveller, scaup, long-tailed duck and gadwall are commonly seen and glaucous, Iceland and Mediterranean gulls are occasional visitors. Greylag geese and whooper swans gather in the surrounding fields. Great crested and little grebe breed here. Oystercatcher, curlew, redshank, common sandpiper, whimbrel, ruff, green sandpiper, black-tailed godwit, wheatear and whinchat are regular visitors.</p><br>
<p>The loch is botanically-rich loch and Martnaham Wood is one of the largest oak woods in Ayrshire; although it was clear felled in 1914, it has regenerated with little disturbance. The loch exhibits vegetation of submerged, floating and emergent type plant communities. The margin has extensive areas of reed-swamp dominated by common reed. Branched bur-reed, water-plantain, nodding bur-marigold, trifid bur-marigold, greater spearwort, and eight-stamened waterwort are found at the site. In the deeper water white and yellow water-lilies dominate. Canadian pondweed is an invasive plant and is here in abundance. The loch is classed as mesotrophic (moderately nutrient-rich), however it has eutrophic characteristics.</p><br>
<p>Martinham Wood is well established on the eastern side of the loch, featuring since at least the early 16th century with a fence or pale indicated. As an ancient woodland site Martnaham Wood has a canopy dominated by oak and birch, with abundant hazel in the understorey; sanicle, bluebell and dog’s mercury are common. The woodland exhibits a wide diversity of fungi, mosses and liverworts, including the only Scottish record of the mushroom Mycena picta, once thought to be extinct in Great Britain.</p><br>
<h2>Uses</h2><br>
<p>The outflow at the south-west end was in 1906 built up with stones to divert water into a lade supplying Perclewan Mill. No sluice was present and water flowed down both outflows. William McCandlish and his younger brother of Dr James McCandlish were both were born at Perclewan, sons of the hamlets blacksmith. James was a classmate of Robert Burns and they were good friends. His father, Henry, lent Burns a copy of The Life of Wallace which aroused his patriotism.</p><br>
<p>Martnaham Lodge was originally built as a fishing lodge by the Kennedys, Earls of Cassillis in the 19th century, incorporating an existing cottage. James Edward Shaw, the Ayrshire County Clerk and treasurer, lived at the lodge from 1900 to 1912. Shaw was the author of a book on the social history of Ayrshire. James Edward Hunter enlarged the house for its then tenant, Herbert J. Dunsmuir, in 1929. The Cassillis Estate has sold this now Arts & Crafts inspired manorial dwelling to Mr Dunsmuir in 1945 and it passed to his daughter and Colonel Sir Bryce Knox, his son-in-law.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century Martnaham Loch was used for curling and ice skating. In 2011 the loch was once again safe for ice skating. Two boat houses are recorded on the western side of the loch on the early OS maps.</p><br>
<h2>Micro-history</h2><br>
<p>A mineral railway ran close to much of the eastern side of the loch serving a colliery in Coylton.</p><br>
<p>Whitehill Tilery wood records the 19th century tileworks that once existed there.</p><br>
<p>The Cherry Hill Farmhouse is a house museum in Falls Church, Virginia, United States. Built in 1845 in a Greek Revival architecture style, it belonged to wealthy farmer families until 1945, and in 1956 it became property of the City of Falls Church, which transformed it into a museum, as a historical building. Today, the Cherry Hill Farmhouse, along with other five such constructions in Falls Church City, is part of the National Register of Historic Places, as an important testimony of 19th century Victorian buildings in the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house hosting the museum was built in ca 1845 as a farmstead in a Greek Revival architecture, and inclusive of a frame barn. Mr. William A. Blaisdell, who managed a stall in the nearby District of Columbia, purchased the house in 1856 as part of a 73-acre farm. It has long been name Cherry Hill because of the fruit orchards that surround the house, and many other farms in the area.</p><br>
<p>From 1870 to 1945 the house belonged to the Riley family that were prominent in the village, and it was Joseph Riley that in 1875 lead the effort to petition the state for Falls Church to become a town. At that time the town included parts of Fairfax and Alexandria Counties (now call Arlington County). The Poet James Whitcomb Riley, a relative and visitor to the farm house, included in his poems references to the farmhouse and some of its residents. The in the 1960s a number of local history lovers created the Friends of Cherry Hill to restore the house to the period and make a house museum to exhibit the lifestyle of the prosperous families of the area. It provides a very interesting glimpse of the pre-Civil War times in Falls Church and later in the Victorian Period. The docents provide the history of the house, the local area at the time and the connection to the national affairs. Nowadays the house is included within a 7-acre park.</p><br>
<p>The museum includes the household&#39;s authentic 18th and 19th century furniture, which along with other historical pieces, are owned and maintained by a foundation called Friends of Cherry Hill, whereas the barn houses a 19th-century collection of tools.</p><br>
<p>The Cherry Hill Farmhouse & Barn is part of the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Crittenden County Courthouse is located at 85 Jackson Street in Marion, Arkansas, United States, the county seat of Crittenden County. It is a two story brick and stone structure, nine bays wide and seven deep, with a dome centered on its otherwise flat roof. The north and south elevations, identical in appearance, feature porticos supported by six Ionic columns framing the center five bays. The frieze on each portico is inscribed "Obedience to the law is liberty". The courthouse was designed by the Chamberlain architectural firm of Fort Worth, Texas, and was built in 1911, replacing the county&#39;s second courthouse, which was destroyed by fire in 1909.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
